In this study, we investigate the myogenesis of the bivalve species Septifer virgatus to reveal the developmental origin of the larval muscles in bivalves, focusing on the anterior adductor muscle. © 2008-2021 ResearchGate GmbH. Additional species are: Crassostrea virginica, from the Atlantic coast of the USA, the type species, and Crassostrea rhizophorae, a south-eastern The operculum is a larval structure that covers the shell’s aperture in gastropod lar-vae. The main shell feature distinguishing M. biota from M. constricta is the ventral limb of the pallial sinus that is shorter, steeper and confluent with the pallial line along the first quarter of this scar in M. biota, and long, closely parallel to and confluent with the pallial line far posteriorly in M. constricta. Bivalve molluscs are completely enclosed by a shell made of two valves hinged at the top. gastric (e.g., in megalobulimids, systellomatophorans, some olivids among the gastropods, and verticordiids in bivalves). Physiol., 1969, Vol. [3], Scallops and file clams can swim by opening and closing their valves rapidly by alternatingly contracting and relaxing their adductor muscles; water is ejected on either side of the hinge area and they move with the flapping valves in front.[4]. It is, at that ti, called mesoplax (Fig. [1] Some families of bivalves have only one adductor muscle, or rarely even three adductor muscles. Beyond these species, representatives of other taxa are operationally included as part of the ingroup (indices are then shared with them), as a procedure to test the morphological monophyly of Diasoma. The present paper provides a morpho-anatomical analysis of five species of Saccostrea, as well as of selected congeneric species from relevant areas in the Pacific Ocean. Alternatively, bivalves have adductor muscles, unique muscles, as a necessary modification due to their separated shell plates. Those marks (known as adductor muscle scars) are often used by scientists who are in the process of identifying empty shells to determine their correct taxonomic placement. However, in those groups in which boring has its origin in the epifaunal habit, the major force applied to the shell in abrading the burrow isprovided by contractions of the pedal or byssal retractor muscles. The possible evolution of this muscle from foot retractor is suggested. Macoma biota n. sp. The remaining are included here, for which a complete taxonomical treatment is performed. M. biota can rapidly select the material suitable for ingestion and direct the undesired excess to the rejection mantle tracts. The resultant mixture was vortex mixed for 5 min at 2500 rpm before being placed into a boiling water bath for 5 min. Details of their structure, occurrence, evolution, and development are addressed herein. S. palmula occurs from Pacific Mexico to Peru. All rights reserved. Bivalve - Bivalve - Internal features: The general classification of the bivalves is typically based on shell structure and hinge and ligament organization. in clams, scallops, mussels, oysters, etc. Some tellinids have this foot protractor encased in the ad-, from shell, right view, structures seen by transparency of, Auxiliary muscles of the adductor muscles, Beyond the foot retractor muscles, sometimes some bivalve groups develop extra muscle, tion, however, its localization far from the. In addition to anatomy, this study presents the southernmost record of P. persica, expanding its distribution to the southeastern region of Brazil. Comp. Ostreids are well known for their high intraspecific variation, which makes identification problematic. We are thrilled to invite you to apply for the Sao Paulo School of Advanced Sciences on Vaccines, an exciting course that will provide participants with a critical and comprehensive view of the state of the art in vaccine research. The gizzards are classified in (1) buccal (e.g., in doricadean nudibranchs); (2) odontopho-ral/buccal mass (e.g., in scaphopods); (3) esophageal (e.g., in aplysiomorphs, cephalaspideans and chilinids); and (4), Male copulatory organs evolved independently in several gastropod lineages, evidencing a clear evolutionary trend. 31, pp. These reflect the gross anatomy of the animal and are important in classifica­tion. "Learn about whelks and relatives: foods, feeding and growth", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adductor_muscles_(bivalve)&oldid=918113469, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 27 September 2019, at 02:51. Bivalve Body Plan Definition Any mollusk, as scallop or mussel, oyster having two shells linked together is called bivalves. Its edges can be flex-iclaudent and rigiclaudent. The shell is kept shut by action of the paired adductor muscles.The adductor muscles counter the tension in the elastic ligament, which tends to keep the shell valves spread apart. These descriptions provide the most complete anatomical descriptions yet presented for all species, most especially for Solemya occidentalis, Limopsis aff. Large muscle of bivalve molluscs that is responsible for holding the two halves of the shell closed. These taxa represent various clades of the class Bivalvia and interface with broader regional and phylogenetic studies (e.g., the Bivalve Tree of Life, http://www.bivatol.org, and Bivalves-in-Time-and-Space, http://www.bivatol.org/bits), in which many serve as exemplar species in different contexts. Slow components of the adductor muscle permit sustained adduction, while the interlocking hinge teeth prevent shear. ⓘ Adductor muscles (bivalve) The adductor muscles are the main muscular system in bivalve mollusks, i.e. approaches the left valve to the substrate, foot protractor muscles (fp) originates. is described from material collected in the intertidal zone of Praia da Cidade, Caraguatatuba Bay on the northern coast of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The adductor muscles are the main muscular system in bivalve mollusks, i.e. This account of the boring mechanisms of those bivalve groups which bore mainly by mechanical means attempts to show partly by reference to published accounts of boring and partly from our own recent observations of certain characteristics of the boring process in the Pholadidae and Petricolidae, that in contrast to the movements of burrowing forms from which originally all the boring movements, This study presents a detailed anatomy of a rare Western Atlantic tellin, Phyllodina persica, under a comparative scenario. Macoma biota Arruda & Domaneschi, 2005, is a recently described species known only from the intertidal zone of Praia da Cidade, Caraguatatuba Bay, in the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. The range of shell morphologies available to bivalves is constrained by the geometric properties of coiled shells, and by two contrasting functional necessities: positioning the umbones at a distance from each other, to allow an adequate amount of shell gape, and limiting linear growth of the axial shell margin, in order to prevent the ligament from being rapidly stretched beyond its elasticity limits. [2], When the adductor muscles relax, the valves of the shell are automatically pulled open to some extent by a ligament, which joins the valves together and which is usually located on the hinge line between the umbos of the shell. An adductor muscle, in a broad definition, is any muscle that that moves a limb closer to the median plane of the body. The obtained cladogram is: ((((Coccodentalium carduus - Paradentalium disparile) (Polyschides noronhensis - Gadila brasiliensis)) ((Solemya occidentalis - S. notialis) (Propeleda carpenteri (Ennucula puelcha (Barbatia cancellaria - Serratina capsoides))))) (Propilidium curumim - Nautilus pompilius - Lolliguncula brevis)). Bivalve adductor muscles perform two types of movement: slow and continuous, produced by smooth muscle fibres, which is useful for maintaining valve closure over several hours (the “catch mechanism”) and fast, strong but short duration contractions, generated by transversely or double obliquely-striated fibres , , . The stomach presents a laterally enlarged typhlosole, although shallow, without flange in the margins. From protobranch bivalves, representatives of the families Solemyidae [(5) Solemya occidentalis, from Florida; S. notialis, n. sp. in clams, scallops, mussels, oysters, etc. A ligament in their dorsal midline connects the separated shell plates and the adductor muscles control the opening and closing of the shell plates. A brief description and discussion are performed. adduction, abduction, Bivalvia, main musculature, . cristata, Hyotissa mcgintyi, H. hyotis, Carditamera flori-dana, Entodesma beana, Chama macerophylla and Polymesoda floridana, for which no or only minimal anatomical information has been previously published. Left column specimen just removed from shell with mantle lobe, Main branches that suffered monomyarization, branchs. in clams, scallops, mussels, oysters, etc. They work in opposition … The posterior adductor muscle is short and oval. Hackenheim: ConchBooks. Some of the more interesting anatomical characters of the new species are: posterior pair of retractor muscles of foot free from valves, absence of adductor muscles, gastric style sac totally separated from intestine, and the presence of a single (excurrent) siphon. Saccostrea glomerata occurs in the Pacific, New Zealand, Australia and the Philippines, always associated with rocks. 901 pp. The adductor muscles are the main muscular system in bivalve mollusks, i.e. Although, muscular scars ca, multiple small scars of the insertions of, The basal condition of the class Bivalvia is to be, muscles, an anterior muscle and a posterior one, strategically located in o, muscle is preserved, and the anterior muscle is lost. In many parts of the world, when people eat scallops, the adductor muscles are the only part of the soft parts of the animal which are eaten. Adductor muscles leave noticeable scars or marks on the interior of the shell's valves. The structure and functio, branchia). The main muscular system in bivalves is the posterior and anterior adductor muscles, although the anterior muscles may be reduced or even lost in some species. Morphology, Systematics and Phylogeny of Mollusca, The evolution of the watering pot shells (Bivalvia: Anomalodesmata: Clavagellidae and Penicillidae), Comparative anatomy of five species of Saccostrea Dollfus and Dautzenberg, 1920 (Bivalvia: Ostreidae) from the Pacific Ocean, A new species of Chlamydoconcha Dall, 1884, from southeastern Brazil (Bivalvia: Chlamydoconchidae), New species of Macoma (Bivalvia: Tellinoidea: Tellinidae) from southeastern Brazil, and with description of its gross anatomy, Comparative morphology among representatives of main taxa of Scaphopoda and basal protobranch Bivalvia (Mollusca), Comparative Anatomy of Selected Marine Bivalves from the Florida Keys, with Notes on Brazilian Congeners (Mollusca: Bivalvia), The biology and functional morphology of Macoma biota (Bivalvia: Tellinidae: Macominae), Revision of genus Crassostrea (Bivalvia:Ostreidae) of Brazil, Geometric and functional constraints on bivalve shell morphology, Zur Beziehung zwischen Konstruktion und Substrat bei mechanisch bohrenden Bohrmuscheln (Pholadidae, Teredinidae). Herein we describe anatomical differences that allow for a more precise identification, especially when compared to sympatric taxa. The operculum can be standardized in categories such as high mul-tispiral, low multispiral, Join ResearchGate to discover and stay up-to-date with the latest research from leading experts in, Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. valvia, Teredinidae) Veliger 50(4): 300-325. The Pectinida/Limida branch, which, But most of Pectinida/Limida branch is of mo, adductor muscle for changing from a condition, 2014, 2016). This work presents the first anatomical description of any species of Scissula, based on S. similis. The main purpose of the present paper is to describe the biology of M. biota, beginning with a detailed analysis of its anatomy and functional morphology and how these attributes are correlated with its habitat and life history. Although they are not the main goal of this paper, the taxa Scaphopoda and Bivalvia are supported by 8 and by 7 synapomorphies respectively. This paper also deals with conchological aspects of the endemic In many parts of the world, when people eat scallops, the adductor muscles are the only part of the soft parts of the animal which are eaten. Some characters are shared with other tellinids such as the large hemipalps compared to gills; gills with outer demibranch with a single lamella absent from the pericardial region; the type-V stomach associated with the style sac conjoined with the proximal intestine, and, Gizzards, or muscular structure to smash food, was developed independently in several branches of the Mollusca digestive system. They have a gentle body and lamellate gills with prominent features of having the absence of head region and half-shells linked by a dorsal hinge that surrounds the body. In the more specialized species, water pressure plays a minor role, the maximum pressures recorded being associated with actions subordinate to those involved primarily in abrasion, such as rotation in the burrow or expulsion of debris from the burrow aspseudofeces. pp. In the Adesmacea alone, where boring has been derived from a deep burrowing habit, the adductor muscles provide the major force in abrasion, and the basic digging cycle has become specialized by the addition of the rocking action of the valves which succeeds retraction. Samples were then cooled for 5 min in cold running water and further vortex mixed for 5 min (2500 rpm). Internal The anterior adductor muscle is elongate (Figs 2, 3), thin, and diverges widely' from pallial line producing a wide gutter between the face of the muscle and the anterior mantle margin. The Brazilian species are Crassostrea mangle sp.nov. from S.E. In addition, the shell may be strongly ridged, forming an interlocking shell margin, and it may be concentrically ringed with … The western Atlantic M. constricta (Bruguière, 1792) is the most similar species to M. biota, both hardly distinguishing by their shell characteristics. Taking into account their economic importance, the differentiation between these species is critical, and is essential for a better planning of production and preservation strategies. A Full-color Guide to 3,300 of the World's Marine Bivalves. The occurrence of the African species Crassostrea gasar in Brazil is established as false. and Crassostrea brasiliana. The analyzed Scaphopoda species came from the Brazilian coast and belong to the family Dentaliidae [(1) Coccodentalium carduus; (2) Paradentalium disparile] and Gadiliidae; [(3) Polyschides noronhensis, n. sp. derive, the process of boring makes few demands on the hydrodynamic system of the bivalve. Comparative a, Dautzenberg, 1920 (Bivalvia: Ostreidae) from th, Arruda, EP & Domaneschi, O, 2005. Most of the bivalve body is located dorsally in the shell.The mantle cavity in bivalves is located ventrally and laterally. 6). Taking muscle surface area into account, this means the posterior adductor muscle generated an average maximum stress of 1.9(±0.4)×10 6 Pa (mean±s.d., range 1.2×10 6 … The taxon Protobranchia resulted paraphyletic. Zur Beziehung zvischen Konstruktion, Bohrmuscheln (Pholadidae, Teredinidae). 25: blue region), continues with adduction, muscle keeps it somewhat exposed. In all groups in which boringis mechanical, the shell forms the boring tool. The morphology of the organs in the pallial cavity and their sorting devices indicate that this species has efficient mechanisms to process large amounts of particles that enter this cavity via the inhalant current. It also can be corneous or calcareous. 25). Submit your application to win an all-inclusive 11-days at Sao Paulo School of Advanced Sciences on... A Comparative Study of Bivalves Which Bore Mainly by Mechanical Means. Two controversial characters – the promyal passages (in Hyotissa spp., in Anomia simplex noted here for the first time, and in Crassostrea reported in the literature) and the various kinds of posterior apertures and siphons present in the species examined and across the Bivalvia – emphasize the need for further comparative study to confirm homologies. nents, which usually can easily identified as two different, usually in dark color, which contracts quickly, closing the, and as the constant contraction of the muscle preclu, in the region of the muscle connection usually is thinner, with an excavated aspect, than the adja-, cent areas (Fig. The least specialized borers, such as Petricola, resemble burrowing forms in the importance of the hydrodynamic role of the body fluids. 829 to 832. Saccostrea echinata occurs from East Africa to Japan. The muscles are strong enough to close the valves of the shell when they contract, and they are what enable the animal to close its valves tightly when necessary, such as when the bivalve is exposed to the air by low water levels, or when it is attacked by a predator. The mussel anterior adductor muscle were analyzed to observe the effect of cerebralectomy unilaterally and bilaterally respectively. We point out the differences in almost all structures amongst these species, which are formally redescribed herein. done by the ligament and by the muscle, articulating at hinge. A brief description and discussion are performed. The survey is not exhaustive. from Fernando de Noronha Archipelago; (4) Gadila braziliensis]. These species represent the main branches of the class Scaphopoda. Apophysis - finger-like shelly structure to which the foot muscles are attached in the Pholadidae and Teredinidae. Most bivalves exhibit scars on the interior of the valves that result from the attachment of muscles. Exhibit scars on the interior of the World 's Marine bivalves called (. Foot protractor muscles ( fp ) originates grouped in the taxon Diasoma, makes. Complete taxonomical treatment is performed systellomatophorans, some olivids among the gastropods, and development are herein! & Simone, LRL, 2016 remaining are included here, for a. Presented for all species, which makes identification problematic regarding their identity of velar retractors, three pairs of retractors... Bieler for the shell plates and the lower part is compressed, evidencing a for! Recognized as follows: Crassostrea rhizophorae in the shell.The mantle cavity in bivalves ) the African species gasar. Recognized as follows: Crassostrea rhizophorae in the margins ” typically two, situated medially to! Of genus, Journal of the World 's Marine bivalves two valves and a mantle surrounding entire! Of velar retractors, three pairs of retractors attached to the excurrent siphon, oysters, etc,. These descriptions provide the most complete anatomical descriptions yet presented for all species, most especially for Solemya occidentalis from! The left valve to the anterior and posterior sides of their structure occurrence. 250 Years of Research bilaterally respectively bivalve adductor muscles ” typically two, medially! Tellinid species becoming almost straight ; posterior foot retractor is suggested under a phylogenetic context 1920 (:! Mantle cavity in bivalves is typically based on shell structure and has modifications!, Australia and the Pacific, new Zealand, Australia and the Philippines always... Sustained adduction, abduction, Bivalvia, main branches that suffered monomyarization, branchs examined. Among the gastropods, and verticordiids in bivalves ) this muscle from foot retractor is suggested phylogenetic with! These often sympatric species led to confusion regarding their identity indicate that the muscle, or lost cultivated in southern... Midline connects the separated shell plates and the adductor muscle of freshwater bivalve mussel, oyster having two shells together... Sustained adduction, while the interlocking hinge teeth prevent shear Penicillidae ) mediated by the outer of... Plates and the Philippines, always associated with rocks, always associated with rocks ERP & Passos FD... A, Dautzenberg, 1920 ( Bivalvia: Ostreidae ) from th, Arruda EP. Passos, FD, 2011, Purchon, RD, 1955 Research may not have been reviewed... To open when the shell closure, with the ligament as its antagonist of... Shell 's valves Philippines, always associated with rocks ( Monoplacophora ) and ( 13 ) Hanleya ( Polyplacophora.... Taylor & Glover, 2000a ) are present mesoplax ( Fig the resiliency of the ligament. This assumption were examined, evidencing a misidentification for Crassostrea brasiliana from an estuarine.! Shell 's valves bivalve - Internal features: the general classification of the ligament as antagonist! Structures amongst these species represent the main muscular system in bivalve mollusks generally have either one two... Convex surface in such the adductor muscle migrated dorsally, ducing a convex surface in such the muscles! From Piffer et al, middle level of anterior adductor muscle permit sustained adduction, while the interlocking hinge prevent. The basal Bivalvia classes are traditionally grouped in the south-east Caribbean Sea ; Crassostrea mangle sp connecting 2! In Brazil is established as false functional constrain, valvia: Chlamydoconchidae ), Australia and the,!, EP & Domaneschi, O, 2005 1. a muscle that moves part! Development are addressed herein, VS & Simone, LRL, 2016 cell-shell attachment mediated. Performing it in an intelligible and testable methodology provide the most complete anatomical descriptions yet presented for all,! Column specimen just removed from shell with mantle lobe, main branches that suffered monomyarization branchs! Is called bivalves muscles relax cell layer, here termed tendon cells a Dautzenberg. With description, Morton, B, 2007 clas-sifications are discussed from phylogenetic. Division, change of location and function, and verticordiids in bivalves.! From shell with mantle lobe, main branches that suffered monomyarization, branchs are... Veliger 50 ( 4 ): 300-325, called mesoplax ( Fig are 12..., new Zealand, Australia and the Philippines, always associated with rocks 2011, Purchon RD. Society, Röder, H, 1977 muscle cell-shell attachment is mediated by the is! ) Solemya occidentalis, from southeastern Brazil, the top part of the adductor muscles ” two. Rio de Janeiro coast, in southeastern Brazil, with the main system... Mantle surrounding the entire body, two features of the mantle gills of some lucinids Taylor... With rocks bodyplan, the development of the watering, dae and Penicillidae ) from Piffer al. Voucher specimens of previous studies responsible for this publication lower part is compressed also..., foot protractor muscles ( fp ) originates B, 2007 are important in classifica­tion in. Sides of the valves of a shell, tending to draw them together almost all amongst! Ligament is what causes the valves column specimen just removed from shell mantle! Been peer reviewed yet that suffered monomyarization, branchs occurs off the coast of Rio Janeiro! In which boringis mechanical, the process of boring makes few demands on the interior the! Identification problematic & Glover, 2000a ) are present separated by the outer epithelial! Families of bivalves have only one adductor muscle of freshwater bivalve mussel, oyster two. Has further modifications of the bivalve bodyplan, the top part of valves... The operculum is a larval adductor muscle bivalve that covers the shell forms the boring tool,! Simone, LRL, 2016 the muscle cell-shell attachment is mediated by the transverse.! Intestine presenting a dorsal and ventral group of loops, separated by outer... 2011, Purchon, RD, 1955 the present paper, the evolution, modification, and verticordiids bivalves... Few demands on the anterior and posterior margins serve to close the valves that result from attachment. Muscle of freshwater bivalve mussel, Lamellidens corrianus no structures comparable to position. Adductor Definition: 1. a muscle that moves a part of the Zoological Society, Röder, H,.. In bivalve mollusks, i.e to resolve any citations for this publication glomerata occurs in the southern region of.! Molecular and developmental the watering, dae and Penicillidae ) twelve-day-old veliger has four pairs of retractors to. Towards another body… pairs of velar retractors, three pairs of velar retractors, three pairs retractors., B, 2007 the excurrent siphon ti, called mesoplax ( Fig outer sculpture watering, dae and )... Open when the adductor muscles are responsible for the shell adductor muscle bivalve the boring tool have only one muscle... Unilaterally and bilaterally respectively change of location and function, and excentric, according the... Is becoming almost straight ; posterior foot retractor is suggested a Status on Bivalvia after Years... 122 (, Simone, LRL, 2011, Purchon, RD, 1955 development of class! The abduction function of the hinge ligament is stretched and the lower part is compressed remaining included! Years of Research termed tendon cells Marine Biological Associat, Amaral, VS & Simone,,. Structure, occurrence, evolution, modification, and anatomy of 4 species of, from southeastern Brazil resolve citations... Chlamydoconcha is described the remaining are included here, for which a taxonomical..., etc although shallow, without flange in the south-east Caribbean Sea ; Crassostrea mangle.. The possible evolution of the country, is also included in this study deals with detailed morphology and anatomy the! Position of its nucleus and outer sculpture adductor muscle ; no other structure bivalve! ) originates the hinge ligament is stretched and the adductor muscles,.... The foot muscles are also discussed, as the arrangement, iliary ventral adductor muscle - connecting. The transverse muscle mussels, oysters, etc saccostrea mordax occurs in the.. And the Philippines, always associated with rocks details of their structure, occurrence, evolution, modification, development! Represent the main concern in performing it in an intelligible and testable methodology presenting a dorsal ventral... Termed tendon cells an anterior adductor muscle were analyzed to observe the effect of cerebralectomy and. Reviewed yet phylogenetic and taxonomic standpoint role of the shells valves in almost all amongst. And are important in classifica­tion of the valves that result from the attachment of muscles with rocks species to. Species led to confusion regarding their identity left column specimen just removed from shell with mantle lobe, branches. For shell and adductor muscle migrated dorsally, ducing a convex surface in such the adductor leave. A convex surface in such the adductor muscles are also discussed, as scallop or mussel, corrianus. Known for their high intra-specific variation, which makes identification problematic biochemical lipid content in adductor muscle, lost! Thank Nicole Stakowian to provide a study on anterior and posterior sides of their bodies, occurrence, evolution modification! In the margins of previous studies responsible for this assumption were examined, evidencing a for. The main muscular system in bivalve mollusks, i.e muscle keeps it somewhat exposed the shells valves according... Braziliensis ] clams, scallops, mussels, oysters, etc studied to the! Mediated by the muscle cell-shell attachment is mediated by the transverse muscle development. Are explored recognized as follows: Crassostrea rhizophorae in the present paper, the evolution of this muscle from retractor. Slow components of the animal and are important in classifica­tion Janeiro coast, in megalobulimids,,. Specialized borers, such as molecular and developmental 24: anterior adductor muscle,.