They're not just "sun down". Sundown towns in the United States by state; History of racism in Arkansas Additional support provided by the Arkansas Community Foundation. The Boone County events probably led to ejections from neighboring counties. Donations made to the CALS Foundation are tax-deductible for United States federal income tax purposes. For more information, contact 501-918-3025 or calsfoundation@cals.org. The program ended in 1959, and the mines again closed. The name derives from the posted and verbal warnings issued to Blacks that although they might be allowed to work or travel in a community during the daytime, they must leave by sundown. Rate and review titles you borrow and share your opinions on them. ———. New York: The New Press, 2005. All Rights Reserved. Fouke, AR: Days Creek Production, 2001. Many sundown towns forced African Americans out of city limits well after the civil rights movement. ———. Give a donation in someone’s name to mark a special occasion, honor a friend or colleague or remember a beloved family member. Major support provided through a partnership with the Arkansas Department of Parks & Tourism. Today, public accommodations are generally open. English. Shiloh Museum of Ozark History. Some multi-county areas also kept out African Americans. When a tribute gift is given the honoree will receive a letter acknowledging your generosity and a bookplate will be placed in a book. The city put up an almost life sized chalk statue of a colored man at the city limit line, he had an iron bar in one hand and was pointing out of town with the other hand. “Sundown Towns: Racial Cleansing in the Arkansas Delta.” In Race and Ethnicity in Arkansas: New Perspectives, edited by John A. Kirk. Donations made to the CALS Foundation are tax-deductible for United States federal income tax purposes. © 2019 Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Publisher. Major support provided through a partnership with the Arkansas Department of Parks & Tourism. In 1890, every county had at least six African Americans, and only one had fewer than ten. The public schools of Sheridan desegregated around 1992, when students from two small nearby biracial communities were included in the new consolidated high school. New Press. “Total Eclipse: The Destruction of the African American Community of Harrison, Arkansas, in 1905 and 1909.” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 58 (Summer 1999): 131–159. Sundown towns were real. The CALS Foundation is a 501(c)(3) organization. As a result of this widespread prevalence, millions … I've been reading a fair amount about racial issues lately and stumbled upon "Sundown Towns" in the USA (link below to wiki article if anyone is interested). Some multi-county areas also kept out African Americans. “‘They Are Not Wanted’: The Extirpation of African Americans from Baxter County, Arkansas.” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 69 (Spring 2010): 28–44. Like many other communities in Arkansas, Mena had become a sundown town. "Sundown towns" like Vienna were places where Black people were allowed in during the day to work or shop but had to be gone by nightfall. Categories Categories: . Harrison remained a sundown town at least until 2002. Sundown towns often allowed one or two African Americans to remain, even while posting signs warning others not to stay the night. Too Close to the Mirror. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2010. Gerald L. K. Smith, a radio evangelist and leading anti-Semite in the 1930s and 1940s, moved his headquarters to Eureka Springs (Carroll County) partly because it was an all-white town. In the 2010 census, 0.2% of Mena's population was black. Jaspin, Elliot. Back in those days colored people were run out of Fouke, one was even hung from a large oak tree…. The first time you log in to our catalog you will need to create an account. Thus were created “sundown towns,” so named because many marked their city limits with signs typically reading, “Nigger, Don’t Let The Sun Go Down On You In Alix”—an Arkansas town in Franklin County that had such a sign around 1970. The owner of the local sawmill and the sawmill workers’ homes was principally responsible. New York: The New Press, 2005. Research Collection. Fearing for their lives, most remaining African Americans left. “Pulaski Heights: Early Suburban Development in Little Rock, Arkansas.” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 41 (Summer 1982): 129–145. Instead, I have found more than 440 in Illinois and thousands across the United States. By 1960, six counties had no African Americans (Baxter, Fulton, Polk, Searcy, Sharp, and Stone), seven more had one to three, and yet another county had six. On Dec. 29, 1923, the Catcher “Race Riot” began, leading to the creation of another sundown town in Arkansas.. Froelich, Jacqueline. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2014. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2014. Generic astronomy calculator to calculate times for sunrise, sunset, moonrise, moonset for many cities, with daylight saving time and time zones taken in account. Sundown towns have achieved this stability by a variety of means. Tale Of Two Billboards: An Ozark Town's Struggle To Unseat Hate In Harrison, Ark., residents troubled by the area's reputation as a hate group hotbed are working hard to make the town more inclusive. Major funding provided by the Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation. Sadly, it’s more than a plot device in a TV series. ———. 576 pages. Ferguson, MO, was a sundown town between 1940 and 1960. Crabtree, Smokey. The few other African Americans in Sheridan—preachers, independent business operators—suddenly found themselves without a clientele. Some of these riots, in turn, spurred whites in nearby smaller towns to hold their own, thus provoking little waves of expulsions. Van Buren, AR: Press-Argus, 1955. A white mob then took him from jail, fractured his skull, shot him, and cut his throat. Sundown towns, also known as sunset towns, gray towns, or sundowner towns, are all-white municipalities or neighborhoods in the United States that practice a form of racial segregation by excluding non-whites via some combination of discriminatory local laws, intimidation, and violence. Creating an account gives you access to all these features. Arkansas Odyssey: The Saga of Arkansas from Prehistoric Times to Present. Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism by James W. Loewen The Rogers Historical Museum has done an exemplary job of preserving an example of this suppression. The rioters then swept through Harrison’s black neighborhood, tying men to trees and whipping them, burning several homes, and warning all African Americans to leave that night. Not all towns are thoroughly confirmed. “Arkansas—A Study in Suppression.” In These “Colored” United States: African American Essays from the 1920s, edited by Tom Lutz and Susanna Ashton. “The Real Polk County.” The Looking Glass: Reflecting Life in the Ouachitas 5 (January 1980): 16. Sundown towns in Arkansas‎ (10 P) C Sundown towns in California‎ (6 P) F Sundown towns in Florida‎ (3 P) G Sundown towns in Georgia (U.S. state)‎ (4 P) I Sundown towns in Illinois‎ (18 P) Sundown towns in Indiana‎ (13 P) Sundown towns in Iowa‎ (2 P) K For more information, contact 501-918-3025 or calsfoundation@cals.org. When I began this research, I expected to find about 10 sundown towns in Illinois (my home state) and perhaps 50 across the country. Loewen, James W. Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism. Harrison developed a large Ku Klux Klan (KKK) chapter that targeted striking railroad workers in the 1920s, hanging one from a railroad bridge in 1923 and escorting the rest to the Missouri line. On Dec. 29, 1923, the Catcher “Race Riot ” began, leading to the creation of another sundown town in Arkansas. Little Rock, AR. His research confirmed 1,000 such towns, and he estimated there were 5,000 to 25,000 sundown towns in total. Below is a chart which lists all cities in Arkansas with KKK organizations from 1915-1940. By 1930, three Arkansas counties had no African Americans at all, and another eight had fewer than ten, all in the Arkansas Ozarks. As motel owner Nick Khan said about Paragould in 2002, “If black people come in, they will find that they’re not welcome here. The city kept the statue painted and dressed, really taking good care of it. ... Northwest Arkansas Newspapers LLC. Major funding provided by the Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation. For more information, contact 501-918-3025 or calsfoundation@cals.org. “Race, History, and Memory in Harrison, Arkansas: An Ozarks Town Reckons with Its Past.” In Race and Ethnicity in Arkansas: New Perspectives, edited by John A. Kirk. Especially if you have black or brown skin. Sundown towns in Arkansas‎ (10 P) C Sundown towns in California‎ (6 P) F Sundown towns in Florida‎ (3 P) G Sundown towns in Georgia (U.S. state)‎ (4 P) I Sundown towns in Illinois‎ (18 P) Sundown towns in Indiana‎ (13 P) Sundown towns in Iowa‎ (2 P) K A Bentonville (Benton County) contractor was building a brick building in Rogers and brought with him a black hod carrier: “A group of young men were gathered in the Blue saloon when the Negro entered, probably looking for his employer. In 1999, I started researching sundown towns. Towns like Utica, Ohio, and Goshen, Ind., are beginning to come to terms with a legacy of racism that has largely evaded history books. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2014. Arkansas Historical Quarterly 69 (Spring 2010): 28–44. Sundown Towns combines personal narrative, history, and analysis to create a readable picture of this previously unknown American institution all written with Loewen’s trademark honesty and thoroughness. You see, I just want to learn if this attitude toward African Americans is still existent. The name derives from the posted and verbal warnings issued to Blacks that although they might be allowed to work or travel in a community during the daytime, they must leave by sundown. Pickens, William. Sundown towns are rare in the South but common in the rest of the country. In the early 1920s, William Pickens saw sundown signs across the Ozarks. “Terror at Night.” Lawrence County Historical Journal (2017, no. Entire counties went sundown, such as Boone, Clay, and Polk. New York: Basic Books, 2007. Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture entry: Sundown Towns; Review and feature article, Dallas Morning News Archived 2009-07-30 at the Wayback Machine; Interview with … Creating an account gives you access to all these features. I remember as a kid, we drove from Chicago to Arkansas, definitely passed through some sundown towns. Through this map, we can better comprehend what geographic regions most commonly hosted Sundown towns, and where our knowledge of this phenomena is less tangible. Encyclopedia of Arkansas Newspaper account of African Americans killed and wounded during labor strife in Polk County, from the New York Times; August 10, 1896. In the 1950s, a government program to stockpile manganese led to the reopening of local mines closed since the 1890s. 100 Rock Street Honor or memorial gifts are an everlasting way to pay tribute to someone who has touched your life. About 15,000 copies were printed each year.As the NAACP pushed for the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which outlawed racial discrimination, How far do you drive each day? The Herald Bulletin. Our Sponsors.

“The Cotter Expulsion of 1906 and Limitations on Historical Inquiry.” ———. “Sundown Towns and Counties: Racial Exclusion in the South.” Southern Cultures 15 (Spring 2009): 22–47. Loewen (emeritus, sociology, U. of Vermont) exposes the history and persistence of "sundown towns," so-named for the signs often found at their corporate limits warning African Americans and other minorities not to be found in the town after dusk. Smokey Crabtree, longtime resident of Fouke (Miller County), wrote in 2001: As far back as the late twenties colored people weren’t welcome in Fouke, Arkansas to live, or to work in town. In Harrison, for example, James Wilson met the 1909 mob at his door with a shotgun and protected his house servant, Alecta Smith. "Sundown towns" like Vienna were places where Black people were allowed in during the day to work or shop but had to be gone by nightfall. “Sundown Towns and Counties: Racial Exclusion in the South.” Southern Cultures 15 (Spring 2009): 22–47. ISBN 1-56584-887-X. Towns like Utica, Ohio, and Goshen, Ind., are beginning to come to terms with a legacy of racism that has largely evaded history books. By Steve Osunsami , Matt McGarry , … Some towns are not and never were sundown towns but are listed for other reasons. In the 1990s in Sheridan, Arkansas, not long after white football fans were screaming, “Get the nigger,” as told in Chapter 4, Sheridan High School got its first African American student. Sundown Towns. I was trying to see if there was anything similar in Canada specifically as I know there was a small Klan presence in Saskatchewan for a while in what I believe was the 1920's, however I have found nothing. lay unholy hands upon our fair daughters, nature is so riven and shocked that the dire compact produces a social cataclysm.” White people responded with violence. Sociologist Gordon Morgan, trying in 1973 to uncover the history of African Americans in the Ozarks, wrote, “Some white towns have deliberately destroyed reminders of the blacks who lived there years ago.” To this day, other than by oral history, sundown towns are hard to research, because communities took pains to ensure that nothing about their policy was written. The term derives from the signs that some towns posted at their corporate limits with warnings such as, "Nigger, Don't Let the Sun Go Down On You in Hawthorne," to quote the anti-greeting at the edge of Hawthorne, Calif., a suburb of Los Angeles. Learn why sundown cities, towns, suburbs, and neighborhoods developed–and how they continue to shape the lives and relationships of black and white Americans today. Some townspeople painted black mules on barns or rock outcrops, signaling to all that no “black ass” was allowed to spend the night. “‘Negroes Are Leaving Paragould by Hundreds’: Racial Cleansing in a Northeast Arkansas Railroad Town.” Arkansas Review: A Journal of Delta Studies 41 (April 2010): 3–15. In the aftermath, Polk County’s black residents fled. Calculations of sunrise and sunset in Little Rock – Arkansas – USA for February 2021. Often, the expulsion of African Americans was forced. © 2019 Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Previous page. Additional support provided by the Arkansas General Assembly. Similarly, Mena (Polk County) had a small black population until February 20, 1901, when a mentally impaired African American badly injured a twelve-year-old white girl. He lived outside Sheridan; for several more years, Sheridan still did not allow African Americans to be in town after dark. Honor or memorial gifts are an everlasting way to pay tribute to someone who has touched your life. Spreading your gift out through monthly contributions is a great solution for your budget and ours. More than ever, it was in the interest of white populations to distance themselves from African Americans.

“‘There Are Not Many Negroes Here’: African Americans in Polk County, Arkansas, 1896–1937.” ———. The group seized the Negro and began telling what they were going to do with him.” They threatened to drop him in an old well in the rear of the construction site after they had hanged him, “but others objected on the ground that the odor from the ones already planted there was becoming objectionable to the neighborhood.” Eventually, they let “the trembling Negro” slip, “and in a matter of seconds, he was just a blur on the horizon.” The incident was meant to be funny, for had the men been serious, they could easily have apprehended the runaway, yet was not entirely in jest, for it accomplished the man’s unemployment, surely one of its aims. Rogers Historical Museum, Rogers, Arkansas. View Academics in Sundown towns in Arkansas on Academia.edu. Sundown reputations persist. For one thing, Sundown Town is the work of a promising young, local playwright in Cohea. Morgan, Gordon D. Black Hillbillies of the Arkansas Ozarks. One choir member was black, and a couple put her up for the night, “but we worried lest our house get blown up,” remembered the wife. Then, election law changes and Democratic violence made interracial coalitions impractical. Allied with this Democratic resurgence, a wave of neo-Confederate nationalism swept Arkansas: most Ozark county histories written after 1890 tell of the war exclusively from the Confederate point of view. Sundown Towns are all-white communities, neighborhoods, or counties that exclude Blacks and other minorities through the use of discriminatory laws, harassment, and threats or use of violence. Major support provided through a partnership with the Arkansas Department of Parks & Tourism. When you’re looking at the places in Arkansas with the highest number of KKK Klaverns per capita back in the day, this is an accurate list. in 1859, Arkansas required such persons to leave the state, http://library.uafs.edu/sites/librarydev.uafs.edu/files/Departments/fshsj/34-01_complete_issue.pdf, http://sundown.afro.illinois.edu/sundowntownsshow.php?state=AR. The first time you log in to our catalog you will need to create an account. There are parts of Illinois that were terrifying even before the … Sometimes entire counties went sundown, usually when their county seats did. In considering the sociology of sundown towns he investigates the causes that underlie the existence of sundown towns and discusses why the phenomena has remained largely hidden. Guy Lancaster, editor for the online Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture, discusses his extensive research on “sundown towns” in Arkansas—communities where white residents expelled all or most of their African American residents. Or, sign up for Kroger Rewards and a portion of your purchases at Kroger will be donated to the CALS Foundation. There is plenty of evidence to suggest that sundown cities and counties existed all across America. Rate and review titles you borrow and share your opinions on them. Also note: some towns are *’d. • Bibbs, Rebecca (April 3, 2016). Little Rock, AR. Perhaps policies were not written as most sundown towns made an effort not to leave records. Additional support provided by the Arkansas Community Foundation. Additional support provided by the Arkansas Humanities Council. Little Rock: Rose Publishing Company, 1994. The 2000 census showed two African-American households in Greenwood (Sebastian County), however, so his information may be out of date. 100 Rock Street White residents of the traditional South rarely engaged in the practice; they kept African Americans down but hardly drove them out. If a family refused to move, he would evict them and burn down their home. Through this map, we can better comprehend what geographic regions most commonly hosted Sundown towns, and where our knowledge of this phenomena is less tangible. There are parts of Illinois that were terrifying even before the … Harper, Kimberly. Sundown towns were real. Print length. Your monthly donation provides ongoing and predictable support we can count on to fund educational and cultural programming for the patrons, communities, and neighborhoods being served by CALS. Facing racism: Activists in Arkansas chase down KKK leader with BBQ and a protest "Food automatically creates a common ground." Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism. Sundown towns have shown astonishing tenacity. Sadly, it’s more than a plot device in a TV series. “Possible Sundown Town in Arkansas.” The Homepage of James Loewen. In considering the sociology of sundown towns he investigates the causes that underlie the existence of sundown towns and discusses why the phenomena has remained largely hidden. Thus were created “sundown towns,” so named because many marked their city limits with signs typically reading, “Nigger, Don’t Let The Sun Go Down On You In Alix”—an Arkansas town in Franklin County that had such a sign around 1970. I live in the midsouth which has a lot of sundown towns, particularly our side of Arkansas as well as majority of Mississippi. In 1962, the Rogers Daily News upset the local Chamber of Commerce by using the following language in a front-page editorial lauding a successful Fats Domino concert: “The city which once had signs posted at the city limits and at the bus and rail terminals boasting ‘Nigger, You Better Not Let the Sun Set On You in Rogers,’ was hosting its first top name entertainer—a Negro—at night!” The chamber called the newspaper editor to task and asked its public relations committee to “keep a close watch on future news reporting and take any appropriate action should further detriment to the City of Rogers be detected.”, Some Arkansas towns have long used their racial composition as a selling point to entice new residents. Simply go to krogercommunityrewards.com, click “Create an Account” to sign in, and select CALS Foundation as your organization to support. The social costs of sundown towns on whites, blacks, and the social system are then detailed and recommendations for fixing this blight on the body politic are proffered. Major funding provided by the Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation. Recent history. ———. The name derives from the posted and verbal warnings issued to Blacks that although they might be allowed to work or travel in a community during the daytime, they must leave by sundown. Check out our list of the 15 best small towns in Arkansas: 1. Until 1890, white residents had maintained fairly good relations with their small African-American populations, partly because African Americans and white non-Democrats were political allies. Several Arkansas counties and towns show a slowly diminishing number of African Americans between 1890 and 1940 because they did not allow new black people in, and those who remained gradually died or left. http://sundown.afro.illinois.edu/sundowntownsshow.php?state=AR (accessed March 1, 2011). Top 10 biggest cities by population are Little Rock, Fort Smith, Fayetteville, Springdale, Jonesboro, North Little Rock, Conway, Rogers, Pine Bluff, and Bentonville while top ten largest cities by land area are Farmington, Greenwood, Osceola, Maumelle, Lowell, Highland, Cedarville, Wynne, Morrilton, and Plumerville. And of course, a town may have been sundown once, but now is not. Racial Cleansing in Arkansas, 1883–1924: Politics, Land, Labor, and Criminality. I remember as a kid, we drove from Chicago to Arkansas, definitely passed through some sundown towns. The social costs of sundown towns on whites, blacks, and the social system are then detailed and recommendations for fixing this blight on the body politic are proffered. But such reputations can be self-maintaining. Special thanks to the Department of Arkansas Heritage. All fourteen were probably sundown counties; eight have been confirmed. From encyclopediaofarkansas.net Though nowhere near as murderous as other race riots across the state, the Harrison Race Riots of 1905 and 1909 drove all but one African American from Harrison (Boone County), creating by violence an all-white community similar to other such sundown towns in northern and western Arkansas.

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